Gilles Veinstein,
Europe and Islam : Fifteen centuries 
, 2009, p. 365:
"In the conservative Muslims, the concepts of freedom and equality appear to be contrary to Islamic traditions. Moreover, the Young Turks evoke some form of female emancipation. By reason of the introduction of a form of political liberty, the reactionaries can develop their propaganda against the "handful of atheists who lead the empire to its demise. It thus forms a powerful movement, the Islamic Union, the first modern form of Islamic populism which managers recruited from among the scholars and students of secondary importance in religion. In April 1909, soldiers of the garrison mutinied Istanbul and drove the unionists of the capital. In the provinces, the movement is reflected by a terrible massacre of Armenians in Adana. Immediately the Salonica army march on the capital and exerts a strong repression. ", 2009, p. 365: Georgeon Francis, Abdul Hamid II: the Sultan Caliph (1876-1909)
, 2003, p. 420:
" The rebel soldiers are attacking the union, they ransacked the editorial offices of two newspaper pro-Young Turk, the Tanin
and Sura-yi Ummet
, attacking officers mektepli [Graduates] which twenty were killed, two deputies were killed. The most prominent Unionists are hiding or fled. All night, gunfire rang Istanbul joy soldiers intoxicated by the success of the mutiny. the morning of April 14, is the capital in rebel hands. The next day the disturbances spread to the provinces, in Adana, bloody riots occur on April 14, during which thousands of Armenians were massacred. " Odile Moreau, Turkey
between three worlds, part:" The Ottoman army at the dawn of the globalization of conflict ", 2000, p. 202:
" Performed by officers of the 3rd Corps of the year, the Young Turk revolution was threatened by an attempted revolution against-April 13, 1909 (31 mart vakaası
).
This uprising was very much the character of a reaction to both military and religious. He had been fomented by such officers from the ranks. The latter felt their situation in the army threatened by the new regime which put forward the graduate officers. This seditious movement was directed against both the officers and educated against the doctrines of the Committee of Union and Progress. They demanded the resignation of Minister War and the chairman of the Assembly and demanded Shari'a. 2nd and 3rd Corps decided to march on the capital to punish the guilty and restore the constitution threatened. It was the first confrontation between two factions of the army. On April 24, 1909, Istanbul was occupied by troops and taken Unionists led by Mahmud Pasha Shevket. " Odile Moreau, The Ottoman Empire at the age of reform. The men and ideas of the" New Order "military (1826-1914)
, 2007, p. 253:
" The Committee Union and Progress was not going to foreclose as quickly. The events of April 13 had caused a fierce excitement in military circles in the provinces. They had almost all refused to recognize the new government. At the invitation of the Committee, the 2nd and 3rd Corps decided to march on the capital, to punish the guilty and restore the constitution threatened. The movement began on the night of April 16 to 17. "
Odile Moreau,
ibid, p. 255-256:
" other hand, there was a real massacre in Adana, which the Armenians were victims of 14 to 16 April 1909. 17 000 people participated in the attack and 1900 Armenians died.
massacres had also been prepared in Mersin, Kozan Tarsus, Konya, Kayseri and Mara, but their plans were foiled.
Taking the inauguration festivities of the new Sultan as a barometer of popularity of the regime, one can observe that they were celebrated in Istanbul and some cities with great joy, but it was not the same in many parts of the Empire, including Anatolia, Eastern Anatolia, Albania and Edirne. The religious question dug a chasm between Young Turk party in power and the general population traditionally Muslim. The conservatives were shocked by sending Christian volunteers to attack the barracks in Istanbul. They did not understand that an Orthodox Jew and were able to participate in the mission of five members to serve on responsible Abdülhamid loses the sultanate and the caliphate. All Muslims hanged for defending
Şari'â
were regarded as so many martyrs of the faith. Draft incorporation of the Christians in the army who was the great idea of the program Young Turks on military raised the reprobation. This discontent was cleverly kept among the people and soldiers, for all those, hoca, ulema, soft, officials revoked, officers from the ranks [ Alayli ], who had any interest in the reaction. " Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey
, 1968, p. 217:
"On Sunday the entry liberators [the" Army of Action "formed by the Young Turk officers to quell the mutiny reactionary 1909] in Istanbul, some fifty men who fell in battle were solemnly buried, with a public ceremony, in a common grave. In a speech over the grave, Enver Bey "... emphasized that Muslims and Christians were lying side by side as a sign that they are now, living or dead compatriots who know no distinction race or creed. " "
Kamuran Gürün, The Armenian File
, 1983, p. 175:
" We find ourselves before an event where the responsibilities are many: the Armenians the responsibility to have multiplied provocations until the cup runneth over, while local authorities have shown a complete inability to control the course of things, further committing the mistake of pushing the Muslim population to fight. Of course, there is no question of a one-sided massacre. Armenians and Muslim armed fought without thank you and we can even say they went to war. As stated Cemal Pasha, the Armenian population of the city was ten times less numerous than the Muslim population.
But if the demographic report had instead been favorable to the Armenians, it is certain that the distribution of victims could be totally reversed.
In British reports that some passages have been already mentioned, it is said that it was impossible to compel the parties to cease fighting, the army succeeded in imposing a cease-fire, but, as soon as she replied, fighting resumed immediately with violence. After the incidents, the state of siege was established in Adana and the Armenian and Muslim culprits were brought before the court martial. Around that time, Cemal Pasha was appointed to Adana. He writes:
"Four months after my arrival, I did run in the only city of Adana 30 Muslims sentenced to death by court martial of the siege. Two months later I also run 17 Muslims from the village of Erzin. Meanwhile, there was only one Armenian put to death.
Among these Muslims, there were young men belonging to the families of the oldest and richest of Adana. There was even the mufti of the town of BAHC. It had a great influence on the Turks in the area. I really regret that Bishop Mouchegh was not in my hands at that time. He fled the second day of turmoil on a foreign ship and took refuge in Alexandria, his absence did not prevent the court martial of an entirely justified, the convicting to death in absentia. If this person had found my hands I would certainly have hanged in front of the town of BAHC mufti. "
Thus ended the affair of Adana."
See also: Enver Pasa
(Enver Pasha) and Armenians
The role of Armenians in the revolutions Young Turk and Kemalist
Positivist roots of Armenian revolutionary nationalism
Cemal Pasa (Jemal Pasha), a major figure of Turkish Armenophiles
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